eleveldb

// Copyright (c) 2011 The LevelDB Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file. See the AUTHORS file for names of contributors.

#include <deque>
#include <set>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <syslog.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/file.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#if defined(LEVELDB_PLATFORM_ANDROID)
#include <sys/stat.h>
#endif
#include "leveldb/atomics.h"
#include "leveldb/env.h"
#include "leveldb/filter_policy.h"
#include "leveldb/slice.h"
#include "port/port.h"
#include "util/crc32c.h"
#include "util/db_list.h"
#include "util/hot_threads.h"
#include "util/logging.h"
#include "util/mutexlock.h"
#include "util/posix_logger.h"
#include "util/thread_tasks.h"
#include "util/throttle.h"
#include "db/dbformat.h"
#include "leveldb/perf_count.h"


#if _XOPEN_SOURCE >= 600 || _POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200112L
#define HAVE_FADVISE
#endif

namespace leveldb {

volatile size_t gMapSize=20*1024*1024L;

// ugly global used to change fadvise behaviour
bool gFadviseWillNeed=false;

namespace {

static Status IOError(const std::string& context, int err_number) {
  return Status::IOError(context, strerror(err_number));
}

// background routines to close and/or unmap files
static void BGFileUnmapper2(void* file_info);

// data needed by background routines for close/unmap
class BGCloseInfo : public ThreadTask
{
public:
    int fd_;
    void * base_;
    size_t offset_;
    size_t length_;
    volatile uint64_t * ref_count_;
    uint64_t metadata_;

    BGCloseInfo(int fd, void * base, size_t offset, size_t length,
                volatile uint64_t * ref_count, uint64_t metadata)
        : fd_(fd), base_(base), offset_(offset), length_(length),
          ref_count_(ref_count), metadata_(metadata)
    {
        // reference count of independent file object count
        if (NULL!=ref_count_)
            inc_and_fetch(ref_count_);

        // reference count of threads/paths using this object
        //  (because there is a direct path and a threaded path usage)
        RefInc();
    };

    virtual ~BGCloseInfo() {};

    virtual void operator()() {BGFileUnmapper2(this);};

private:
    BGCloseInfo();
    BGCloseInfo(const BGCloseInfo &);
    BGCloseInfo & operator=(const BGCloseInfo &);

};

class PosixSequentialFile: public SequentialFile {
 private:
  std::string filename_;
  FILE* file_;

 public:
  PosixSequentialFile(const std::string& fname, FILE* f)
      : filename_(fname), file_(f) { }
  virtual ~PosixSequentialFile() { fclose(file_); }

  virtual Status Read(size_t n, Slice* result, char* scratch) {
    Status s;
    size_t r = fread_unlocked(scratch, 1, n, file_);
    *result = Slice(scratch, r);
    if (r < n) {
      if (feof(file_)) {
        // We leave status as ok if we hit the end of the file
      } else {
        // A partial read with an error: return a non-ok status
        s = IOError(filename_, errno);
      }
    }
    return s;
  }

  virtual Status Skip(uint64_t n) {
    if (fseek(file_, n, SEEK_CUR)) {
      return IOError(filename_, errno);
    }
    return Status::OK();
  }
};

// pread() based random-access
class PosixRandomAccessFile: public RandomAccessFile {
 private:
  std::string filename_;
  int fd_;
  bool is_compaction_;
  uint64_t file_size_;

 public:
  PosixRandomAccessFile(const std::string& fname, int fd)
      : filename_(fname), fd_(fd), is_compaction_(false), file_size_(0)
  {
#if defined(HAVE_FADVISE)
    posix_fadvise(fd_, 0, file_size_, POSIX_FADV_RANDOM);
#endif
    gPerfCounters->Inc(ePerfROFileOpen);
  }
  virtual ~PosixRandomAccessFile()
  {
      if (is_compaction_)
      {
#if defined(HAVE_FADVISE)
          posix_fadvise(fd_, 0, file_size_, POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED);
#endif
      }   // if

     gPerfCounters->Inc(ePerfROFileClose);
     close(fd_);
  }

  virtual Status Read(uint64_t offset, size_t n, Slice* result,
                      char* scratch) const {
    Status s;
    ssize_t r = pread(fd_, scratch, n, static_cast<off_t>(offset));
    *result = Slice(scratch, (r < 0) ? 0 : r);
    if (r < 0) {
      // An error: return a non-ok status
      s = IOError(filename_, errno);
    }
    return s;
  }

  virtual void SetForCompaction(uint64_t file_size)
  {
      is_compaction_=true;
      file_size_=file_size;
#if defined(HAVE_FADVISE)
      posix_fadvise(fd_, 0, file_size_, POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL);
#endif

  };

  // Riak addition:  size of this structure in bytes
  virtual size_t ObjectSize() {return(sizeof(PosixRandomAccessFile)+filename_.length());};

};


// We preallocate up to an extra megabyte and use memcpy to append new
// data to the file.  This is safe since we either properly close the
// file before reading from it, or for log files, the reading code
// knows enough to skip zero suffixes.
class PosixMmapFile : public WritableFile {
 private:
  std::string filename_;
  int fd_;
  size_t page_size_;
  size_t map_size_;       // How much extra memory to map at a time
  char* base_;            // The mapped region
  char* limit_;           // Limit of the mapped region
  char* dst_;             // Where to write next  (in range [base_,limit_])
  char* last_sync_;       // Where have we synced up to
  uint64_t file_offset_;  // Offset of base_ in file
  uint64_t metadata_offset_; // Offset where sst metadata starts, or zero
  bool pending_sync_;     // Have we done an munmap of unsynced data?
  bool is_async_;        // can this file process in background
  volatile uint64_t * ref_count_; // alternative to std:shared_ptr that is thread safe everywhere

  // Roundup x to a multiple of y
  static size_t Roundup(size_t x, size_t y) {
    return ((x + y - 1) / y) * y;
  }

  size_t TruncateToPageBoundary(size_t s) {
    s -= (s & (page_size_ - 1));
    assert((s % page_size_) == 0);
    return s;
  }

  bool UnmapCurrentRegion() {
    bool result = true;
    if (base_ != NULL) {
      if (last_sync_ < limit_) {
        // Defer syncing this data until next Sync() call, if any
        pending_sync_ = true;
      }


      // write only files can perform operations async, but not
      //  files that might re-open and read again soon
      if (!is_async_)
      {
          BGCloseInfo * ptr=new BGCloseInfo(fd_, base_, file_offset_, limit_-base_,
                                            NULL, metadata_offset_);
          BGFileUnmapper2(ptr);
      }   // if

      // called from user thread, move these operations to background
      //  queue
      else
      {
          BGCloseInfo * ptr=new BGCloseInfo(fd_, base_, file_offset_, limit_-base_,
                                            ref_count_, metadata_offset_);
          gWriteThreads->Submit(ptr);
      }   // else

      file_offset_ += limit_ - base_;
      base_ = NULL;
      limit_ = NULL;
      last_sync_ = NULL;
      dst_ = NULL;

    }

    return result;
  }

  bool MapNewRegion() {
    size_t offset_adjust;

    // append mode file might not have file_offset_ on a page boundry
    offset_adjust=file_offset_ % page_size_;
    if (0!=offset_adjust)
        file_offset_-=offset_adjust;

    assert(base_ == NULL);
    if (ftruncate(fd_, file_offset_ + map_size_) < 0) {
      return false;
    }
    void* ptr = mmap(NULL, map_size_, PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED,
                     fd_, file_offset_);
    if (ptr == MAP_FAILED) {
      return false;
    }
    base_ = reinterpret_cast<char*>(ptr);
    limit_ = base_ + map_size_;
    dst_ = base_ + offset_adjust;
    last_sync_ = base_;
    return true;
  }

 public:
  PosixMmapFile(const std::string& fname, int fd,
                size_t page_size, size_t file_offset=0L,
                bool is_async=false,
                size_t map_size=gMapSize)
      : filename_(fname),
        fd_(fd),
        page_size_(page_size),
        map_size_(Roundup(map_size, page_size)),
        base_(NULL),
        limit_(NULL),
        dst_(NULL),
        last_sync_(NULL),
        file_offset_(file_offset),
        metadata_offset_(0),
        pending_sync_(false),
        is_async_(is_async),
        ref_count_(NULL)
    {
    assert((page_size & (page_size - 1)) == 0);

    if (is_async_)
    {
        ref_count_=new volatile uint64_t[2];
        *ref_count_=1;      // one ref count for PosixMmapFile object
        *(ref_count_+1)=0;  // filesize
    }   // if

    // when global set, make entire file use FADV_WILLNEED
    if (gFadviseWillNeed)
        metadata_offset_=1;

    gPerfCounters->Inc(ePerfRWFileOpen);
  }

  ~PosixMmapFile() {
    if (fd_ >= 0) {
      PosixMmapFile::Close();
    }
  }

  virtual Status Append(const Slice& data) {
    const char* src = data.data();
    size_t left = data.size();
    while (left > 0) {
      assert(base_ <= dst_);
      assert(dst_ <= limit_);
      size_t avail = limit_ - dst_;
      if (avail == 0) {
        if (!UnmapCurrentRegion() ||
            !MapNewRegion()) {
          return IOError(filename_, errno);
        }
      }

      size_t n = (left <= avail) ? left : avail;
      memcpy(dst_, src, n);
      dst_ += n;
      src += n;
      left -= n;
    }
    return Status::OK();
  }

  virtual Status Close() {
    Status s;
    size_t file_length;
    int ret_val;


    // compute actual file length before final unmap
    file_length=file_offset_ + (dst_ - base_);

    if (!UnmapCurrentRegion()) {
        s = IOError(filename_, errno);
    }

    // hard code
    if (!is_async_)
    {
        ret_val=ftruncate(fd_, file_length);
        if (0!=ret_val)
        {
            syslog(LOG_ERR,"Close ftruncate failed [%d, %m]", errno);
            s = IOError(filename_, errno);
        }   // if

        ret_val=close(fd_);
    }  // if

    // async close
    else
    {
        *(ref_count_ +1)=file_length;
        ret_val=ReleaseRef(ref_count_, fd_);

        // retry once if failed
        if (0!=ret_val)
        {
            Env::Default()->SleepForMicroseconds(500000);
            ret_val=ReleaseRef(ref_count_, fd_);
            if (0!=ret_val)
            {
                syslog(LOG_ERR,"ReleaseRef failed in Close");
                s = IOError(filename_, errno);
                delete [] ref_count_;

                // force close
                ret_val=close(fd_);
            }   // if
        }   // if
    }   // else

    fd_ = -1;
    ref_count_=NULL;
    base_ = NULL;
    limit_ = NULL;
    return s;
  }

  virtual Status Flush() {
    return Status::OK();
  }

  virtual Status Sync() {
    Status s;

    if (pending_sync_) {
      // Some unmapped data was not synced
      pending_sync_ = false;
      if (fdatasync(fd_) < 0) {
        s = IOError(filename_, errno);
      }
    }

    if (dst_ > last_sync_) {
      // Find the beginnings of the pages that contain the first and last
      // bytes to be synced.
      size_t p1 = TruncateToPageBoundary(last_sync_ - base_);
      size_t p2 = TruncateToPageBoundary(dst_ - base_ - 1);
      last_sync_ = dst_;
      if (msync(base_ + p1, p2 - p1 + page_size_, MS_SYNC) < 0) {
        s = IOError(filename_, errno);
      }
    }

    return s;
  }

  virtual void SetMetadataOffset(uint64_t Metadata)
  {
      // when global set, make entire file use FADV_WILLNEED,
      //  so ignore this setting
      if (!gFadviseWillNeed && 1!=metadata_offset_)
          metadata_offset_=Metadata;
  }   // SetMetadataOffset


  // if std::shared_ptr was guaranteed thread safe everywhere
  //  the following function would be best written differently
  static int ReleaseRef(volatile uint64_t * Count, int File)
  {
      bool good;

      good=true;
      if (NULL!=Count)
      {
          int ret_val;

          ret_val=dec_and_fetch(Count);
          if (0==ret_val)
          {
              ret_val=ftruncate(File, *(Count +1));
              if (0!=ret_val)
              {
                  syslog(LOG_ERR,"ReleaseRef ftruncate failed [%d, %m]", errno);
                  gPerfCounters->Inc(ePerfBGWriteError);
                  good=false;
              }   // if

              if (good)
              {
                  ret_val=close(File);
                  if (0==ret_val)
                  {
                      gPerfCounters->Inc(ePerfRWFileClose);
                  }   // if
                  else
                  {
                      syslog(LOG_ERR,"ReleaseRef close failed [%d, %m]", errno);
                      gPerfCounters->Inc(ePerfBGWriteError);
                      good=false;
                  }   // else

              }   // if

              if (good)
                  delete [] Count;
              else
                  inc_and_fetch(Count); // try again.

          }   // if
      }   // if

      return(good ? 0 : -1);

  }   // static ReleaseRef

};


// matthewv July 17, 2012 ... riak was overlapping activity on the
//  same database directory due to the incorrect assumption that the
//  code below worked within the riak process space.  The fix leads to a choice:
// fcntl() only locks against external processes, not multiple locks from
//  same process.  But it has worked great with NFS forever
// flock() locks against both external processes and multiple locks from
//  same process.  It does not with NFS until Linux 2.6.12 ... other OS may vary.
//  SmartOS/Solaris do not appear to support flock() though there is a man page.
// Pick the fcntl() or flock() below as appropriate for your environment / needs.

static int LockOrUnlock(int fd, bool lock) {
#ifndef LOCK_UN
    // works with NFS, but fails if same process attempts second access to
    //  db, i.e. makes second DB object to same directory
  errno = 0;
  struct flock f;
  memset(&f, 0, sizeof(f));
  f.l_type = (lock ? F_WRLCK : F_UNLCK);
  f.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
  f.l_start = 0;
  f.l_len = 0;        // Lock/unlock entire file
  return fcntl(fd, F_SETLK, &f);
#else
  // does NOT work with NFS, but DOES work within same process
  return flock(fd, (lock ? LOCK_EX : LOCK_UN) | LOCK_NB);
#endif
}

class PosixFileLock : public FileLock {
 public:
  int fd_;
  std::string name_;
};

// Set of locked files.  We keep a separate set instead of just
// relying on fcntrl(F_SETLK) since fcntl(F_SETLK) does not provide
// any protection against multiple uses from the same process.
class PosixLockTable {
 private:
  port::Mutex mu_;
  std::set<std::string> locked_files_;
 public:
  bool Insert(const std::string& fname) {
    MutexLock l(&mu_);
    return locked_files_.insert(fname).second;
  }
  void Remove(const std::string& fname) {
    MutexLock l(&mu_);
    locked_files_.erase(fname);
  }
};

static PosixLockTable gFileLocks;

class PosixEnv : public Env {
 public:
  PosixEnv();
  virtual ~PosixEnv();

  virtual Status NewSequentialFile(const std::string& fname,
                                   SequentialFile** result) {
    FILE* f = fopen(fname.c_str(), "r");
    if (f == NULL) {
      *result = NULL;
      return IOError(fname, errno);
    } else {
      *result = new PosixSequentialFile(fname, f);
      return Status::OK();
    }
  }

  virtual Status NewRandomAccessFile(const std::string& fname,
                                     RandomAccessFile** result) {
    *result = NULL;
    Status s;
    int fd = open(fname.c_str(), O_RDONLY);
    if (fd < 0) {
      s = IOError(fname, errno);
#if 0
      // going to let page cache tune the file
      //  system reads instead of hoping to better
      //  manage through memory mapped files.
    } else if (sizeof(void*) >= 8) {
      // Use mmap when virtual address-space is plentiful.
      uint64_t size;
      s = GetFileSize(fname, &size);
      if (s.ok()) {
        void* base = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
        if (base != MAP_FAILED) {
            *result = new PosixMmapReadableFile(fname, base, size, fd);
        } else {
          s = IOError(fname, errno);
          close(fd);
        }
      }
#endif
    } else {
      *result = new PosixRandomAccessFile(fname, fd);
    }
    return s;
  }

  virtual Status NewWritableFile(const std::string& fname,
                                 WritableFile** result,
                                 size_t map_size) {
    Status s;
    const int fd = open(fname.c_str(), O_CREAT | O_RDWR | O_TRUNC, 0644);
    if (fd < 0) {
      *result = NULL;
      s = IOError(fname, errno);
    } else {
      *result = new PosixMmapFile(fname, fd, page_size_, 0, false, map_size);
    }
    return s;
  }

  virtual Status NewAppendableFile(const std::string& fname,
                                   WritableFile** result,
                                   size_t map_size) {
    Status s;
    const int fd = open(fname.c_str(), O_CREAT | O_RDWR, 0644);
    if (fd < 0) {
      *result = NULL;
      s = IOError(fname, errno);
    } else
    {
      uint64_t size;
      s = GetFileSize(fname, &size);
      if (s.ok())
      {
          *result = new PosixMmapFile(fname, fd, page_size_, size, false, map_size);
      }   // if
      else
      {
          s = IOError(fname, errno);
          close(fd);
      }   // else
    }   // else
    return s;
  }

  virtual Status NewWriteOnlyFile(const std::string& fname,
                                  WritableFile** result,
                                  size_t map_size) {
    Status s;
    const int fd = open(fname.c_str(), O_CREAT | O_RDWR | O_TRUNC, 0644);
    if (fd < 0) {
      *result = NULL;
      s = IOError(fname, errno);
    } else {
      *result = new PosixMmapFile(fname, fd, page_size_, 0, true, map_size);
    }
    return s;
  }


  virtual bool FileExists(const std::string& fname) {
    return access(fname.c_str(), F_OK) == 0;
  }

  virtual Status GetChildren(const std::string& dir,
                             std::vector<std::string>* result) {
    result->clear();
    DIR* d = opendir(dir.c_str());
    if (d == NULL) {
      return IOError(dir, errno);
    }
    struct dirent* entry;
    while ((entry = readdir(d)) != NULL) {
      result->push_back(entry->d_name);
    }
    closedir(d);
    return Status::OK();
  }

  virtual Status DeleteFile(const std::string& fname) {
    Status result;
    if (unlink(fname.c_str()) != 0) {
      result = IOError(fname, errno);
    }
    return result;
  };

  virtual Status CreateDir(const std::string& name) {
    Status result;
    if (mkdir(name.c_str(), 0755) != 0) {
      result = IOError(name, errno);
    }
    return result;
  };

  virtual Status DeleteDir(const std::string& name) {
    Status result;
    if (rmdir(name.c_str()) != 0) {
      result = IOError(name, errno);
    }
    return result;
  };

  virtual Status GetFileSize(const std::string& fname, uint64_t* size) {
    Status s;
    struct stat sbuf;
    if (stat(fname.c_str(), &sbuf) != 0) {
      *size = 0;
      s = IOError(fname, errno);
    } else {
      *size = sbuf.st_size;
    }
    return s;
  }

  virtual Status RenameFile(const std::string& src, const std::string& target) {
    Status result;
    if (rename(src.c_str(), target.c_str()) != 0) {
      result = IOError(src, errno);
    }
    return result;
  }

  virtual Status LockFile(const std::string& fname, FileLock** lock) {
    *lock = NULL;
    Status result;
    int fd = open(fname.c_str(), O_RDWR | O_CREAT, 0644);
    if (fd < 0) {
      result = IOError(fname, errno);
    } else if (!gFileLocks.Insert(fname)) {
      close(fd);
      result = Status::IOError("lock " + fname, "already held by process");
    } else if (LockOrUnlock(fd, true) == -1) {
      result = IOError("lock " + fname, errno);
      close(fd);
      gFileLocks.Remove(fname);
    } else {
      PosixFileLock* my_lock = new PosixFileLock;
      my_lock->fd_ = fd;
      my_lock->name_ = fname;

      *lock = my_lock;
    }
    return result;
  }

  virtual Status UnlockFile(FileLock* lock) {
    PosixFileLock* my_lock = reinterpret_cast<PosixFileLock*>(lock);
    Status result;
    if (LockOrUnlock(my_lock->fd_, false) == -1) {
      result = IOError("unlock", errno);
    }
    gFileLocks.Remove(my_lock->name_);
    close(my_lock->fd_);

    my_lock->fd_=-1;

    delete my_lock;
    return result;
  }

  virtual void Schedule(void (*function)(void*), void* arg);

  virtual pthread_t StartThread(void (*function)(void* arg), void* arg);

  virtual Status GetTestDirectory(std::string* result) {
    const char* env = getenv("TEST_TMPDIR");
    if (env && env[0] != '\0') {
      *result = env;
    } else {
      char buf[100];
      snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "/tmp/leveldbtest-%d", int(geteuid()));
      *result = buf;
    }
    // Directory may already exist
    CreateDir(*result);
    return Status::OK();
  }

  static uint64_t gettid() {
    pthread_t tid = pthread_self();
    uint64_t thread_id = 0;
    memcpy(&thread_id, &tid, std::min(sizeof(thread_id), sizeof(tid)));
    return thread_id;
  }

  virtual Status NewLogger(const std::string& fname, Logger** result) {
    FILE* f = fopen(fname.c_str(), "w");
    if (f == NULL) {
      *result = NULL;
      return IOError(fname, errno);
    } else {
      *result = new PosixLogger(f, &PosixEnv::gettid);
      return Status::OK();
    }
  }

  virtual uint64_t NowMicros() {
#if _POSIX_TIMERS >= 200801L
    struct timespec ts;

    // this is rumored to be faster that gettimeofday(),
    //  and sometimes shift less ... someday use CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW
    clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts);
    return static_cast<uint64_t>(ts.tv_sec) * 1000000 + ts.tv_nsec/1000;
#else
    struct timeval tv;
    gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
    return static_cast<uint64_t>(tv.tv_sec) * 1000000 + tv.tv_usec;
#endif
  }

  virtual void SleepForMicroseconds(int micros) {
    struct timespec ts;
    int ret_val;

    if (0!=micros)
    {
        micros=(micros/clock_res_ +1)*clock_res_;
        ts.tv_sec=micros/1000000;
        ts.tv_nsec=(micros - ts.tv_sec*1000000) *1000;

        do
        {
#if _POSIX_TIMERS >= 200801L
            // later ... add test for CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW where supported (better)
            ret_val=clock_nanosleep(CLOCK_MONOTONIC,0, &ts, &ts);
#else
            ret_val=nanosleep(&ts, &ts);
#endif
        } while(EINTR==ret_val && 0!=(ts.tv_sec+ts.tv_nsec));
    }   // if
  }  // SleepForMicroSeconds


  virtual size_t RecoveryMmapSize(const struct Options * options) const
    {
      size_t map_size;

      if (NULL!=options)
      {
        // large buffers, try for a little bit bigger than half hoping
        //  for two writes ... not three
        if (10*1024*1024 < options->write_buffer_size)
            map_size=(options->write_buffer_size/6)*4;
        else
            map_size=(options->write_buffer_size*12)/10;  // integer multiply 1.2
      } // if
      else
        map_size=2*1024*1024L;

      return(map_size);
    };

 private:

  void PthreadCall(const char* label, int result) {
    if (result != 0) {
      fprintf(stderr, "pthread %s: %s\n", label, strerror(result));
      exit(1);
    }
  }

  size_t page_size_;
  pthread_mutex_t mu_;
  pthread_cond_t bgsignal_;
  int64_t clock_res_;

  // Entry per Schedule() call
  struct BGItem { void* arg; void (*function)(void*); int priority;};

};


PosixEnv::PosixEnv() : page_size_(getpagesize()),
                       clock_res_(1)
{

#if _POSIX_TIMERS >= 200801L
  struct timespec ts;
  clock_getres(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts);
  clock_res_=ts.tv_sec*1000000+ts.tv_nsec/1000;
  if (0==clock_res_)
      ++clock_res_;
#endif

  PthreadCall("mutex_init", pthread_mutex_init(&mu_, NULL));
  PthreadCall("cvar_init", pthread_cond_init(&bgsignal_, NULL));
}


PosixEnv::~PosixEnv()
{
}   // PosixEnf::~PosixEnv

void PosixEnv::Schedule(void (*function)(void*), void* arg) {
    ThreadTask * task;

    task=new LegacyTask(function,arg);
    gCompactionThreads->Submit(task, true);
}


namespace {
struct StartThreadState {
  void (*user_function)(void*);
  void* arg;
};
}
static void* StartThreadWrapper(void* arg) {
  StartThreadState* state = reinterpret_cast<StartThreadState*>(arg);
  state->user_function(state->arg);
  delete state;
  return NULL;
}

pthread_t PosixEnv::StartThread(void (*function)(void* arg), void* arg) {
  pthread_t t;
  StartThreadState* state = new StartThreadState;
  state->user_function = function;
  state->arg = arg;
  PthreadCall("start thread",
              pthread_create(&t, NULL,  &StartThreadWrapper, state));

  return(t);
}


// Called by BGFileUnmapper which manages retries
//    this was a new file:  unmap, hold in page cache
int
BGFileUnmapper(void * arg)
{
    BGCloseInfo * file_ptr;
    bool err_flag;
    int ret_val;

    //
    // Reminder:  this could get called multiple times for
    //            same "arg" due to error retry
    //

    err_flag=false;
    file_ptr=(BGCloseInfo *)arg;

    // non-null implies this is a background job,
    //  i.e. not on direct thread of compaction.
    if (NULL!=file_ptr->ref_count_)
        gPerfCounters->Inc(ePerfBGCloseUnmap);

    if (NULL!=file_ptr->base_)
    {
        ret_val=munmap(file_ptr->base_, file_ptr->length_);
        if (0==ret_val)
        {
            file_ptr->base_=NULL;
        }   // if
        else
        {
            syslog(LOG_ERR,"BGFileUnmapper2 munmap failed [%d, %m]", errno);
            err_flag=true;
        }  // else
    }   // if

#if defined(HAVE_FADVISE)
    if (0==file_ptr->metadata_
        || (file_ptr->offset_ + file_ptr->length_ < file_ptr->metadata_))
    {
        // must fdatasync for DONTNEED to work
        ret_val=fdatasync(file_ptr->fd_);
        if (0!=ret_val)
        {
            syslog(LOG_ERR,"BGFileUnmapper2 fdatasync failed on %d [%d, %m]", file_ptr->fd_, errno);
            err_flag=true;
        }  // if

        ret_val=posix_fadvise(file_ptr->fd_, file_ptr->offset_, file_ptr->length_, POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED);
        if (0!=ret_val)
        {
            syslog(LOG_ERR,"BGFileUnmapper2 posix_fadvise DONTNEED failed on %d [%d]", file_ptr->fd_, ret_val);
            err_flag=true;
        }  // if
    }   // if
    else
    {
        ret_val=posix_fadvise(file_ptr->fd_, file_ptr->offset_, file_ptr->length_, POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED);
        if (0!=ret_val)
        {
            syslog(LOG_ERR,"BGFileUnmapper2 posix_fadvise WILLNEED failed on %d [%d]", file_ptr->fd_, ret_val);
            err_flag=true;
        }  // if
    }   // else
#endif

    // release access to file, maybe close it
    if (!err_flag)
    {
        ret_val=PosixMmapFile::ReleaseRef(file_ptr->ref_count_, file_ptr->fd_);
        err_flag=(0!=ret_val);
    }   // if

    if (err_flag)
        gPerfCounters->Inc(ePerfBGWriteError);

    // routine called directly or via async thread, this
    //  controls when to delete file_ptr object
    if (!err_flag)
    {
        gPerfCounters->Inc(ePerfRWFileUnmap);
        file_ptr->RefDec();
    }   // if

    return(err_flag ? -1 : 0);

}   // BGFileUnmapper


// Thread entry point, and retry loop
void BGFileUnmapper2(void * arg)
{
    int retries, ret_val;

    retries=0;
    ret_val=0;

    do
    {
        if (1<retries)
            Env::Default()->SleepForMicroseconds(100000);

        ret_val=BGFileUnmapper(arg);
        ++retries;
    } while(retries<3 && 0!=ret_val);

    // release object's memory here
    if (0!=ret_val)
    {
        BGCloseInfo * file_ptr;

        file_ptr=(BGCloseInfo *)arg;
        file_ptr->RefDec();
    }   // if

    return;

}   // BGFileUnmapper2



}  // namespace

// how many blocks of 4 priority background threads/queues
/// for riak, make sure this is an odd number (and especially not 4)
#define THREAD_BLOCKS 1

static bool HasSSE4_2();

static pthread_once_t once = PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT;
static Env* default_env;
static volatile bool started=false;
static void InitDefaultEnv()
{
    default_env=new PosixEnv;

    ThrottleInit();

    // force the loading of code for both filters in case they
    //  are hidden in a shared library
    const FilterPolicy * ptr;
    ptr=NewBloomFilterPolicy(16);
    delete ptr;
    ptr=NewBloomFilterPolicy2(16);
    delete ptr;

    if (HasSSE4_2())
        crc32c::SwitchToHardwareCRC();

    PerformanceCounters::Init(false);

    gImmThreads=new HotThreadPool(5, "ImmWrite",
                                  ePerfBGImmDirect, ePerfBGImmQueued,
                                  ePerfBGImmDequeued, ePerfBGImmWeighted);
    gWriteThreads=new HotThreadPool(3, "RecoveryWrite",
                                    ePerfBGUnmapDirect, ePerfBGUnmapQueued,
                                    ePerfBGUnmapDequeued, ePerfBGUnmapWeighted);
    gLevel0Threads=new HotThreadPool(3, "Level0Compact",
                                     ePerfBGLevel0Direct, ePerfBGLevel0Queued,
                                     ePerfBGLevel0Dequeued, ePerfBGLevel0Weighted);
    gCompactionThreads=new HotThreadPool(3, "GeneralCompact",
                                         ePerfBGCompactDirect, ePerfBGCompactQueued,
                                         ePerfBGCompactDequeued, ePerfBGCompactWeighted);

    started=true;
}

Env* Env::Default() {
  pthread_once(&once, InitDefaultEnv);
  return default_env;
}


void Env::Shutdown()
{
    if (started)
    {
        // prevent throttle from initiating new compactions
        ThrottleStopThreads();
    }   // if

    DBListShutdown();

    delete gImmThreads;
    gImmThreads=NULL;

    delete gWriteThreads;
    gWriteThreads=NULL;

    delete gLevel0Threads;
    gLevel0Threads=NULL;

    delete gCompactionThreads;
    gCompactionThreads=NULL;

    if (started)
    {
        // release throttle globals now that
        //  background compaction threads done
        ThrottleClose();

        delete default_env;
        default_env=NULL;
    }   // if

    // wait until compaction threads complete before
    //  releasing comparator object (else segfault possible)
    ComparatorShutdown();

    PerformanceCounters::Close(gPerfCounters);

}   // Env::Shutdown


static bool
HasSSE4_2()
{
#if defined(__x86_64__)
    uint64_t ecx;
    ecx=0;

    __asm__ __volatile__
        ("mov %%rbx, %%rdi\n\t" /* 32bit PIC: don't clobber ebx */
         "mov $1,%%rax\n\t"
         "cpuid\n\t"
         "mov %%rdi, %%rbx\n\t"
         : "=c" (ecx)
         :
         : "%rax", "%rbx", "%rdx", "%rdi" );

    return( 0 != (ecx & 1<<20));
#else
    return(false);
#endif

}   // HasSSE4_2



}  // namespace leveldb